Evaluation of four quality indicators of the Pre-Analytical Phase External Quality Assessment Subprogram of the Fundación Bioquímica Argentina.

Pre-analytical phase external quality assessment programs contribute - through the interlaboratory comparison of quality indicators (QIs) - to the continuous improvement of the clinical laboratory total testing process. The purpose of the present work is to document the results derived from measuring four QIs within the framework of a pre-analytical phase external quality assessment subprogram in Argentina. The laboratories participating in this subprogram measured the following QIs: i) patients recalled for a new blood sample collection due to pre-analytical causes; ii) clotted samples from hemogram and coagulation tests; iii) clinical chemistry hemolyzed samples; and iv) requests with transcription errors entered into the laboratory information system. Results were expressed in percentage value and Sigma value. Databases were anonymized. A minimum acceptable quality level for the four QIs measured was recorded in the majority (75%) of the participating laboratories (Sigma > 3.0). It was nonetheless observed that the QIs of hemolyzed samples and requests with transcription errors entered into the laboratory information system deserve more attention. Through this pioneering experience in Argentina, the participating laboratories - some for the first time - could learn about their performance via interlaboratory comparison of results. This experience also proved to be motivating not only to improve the external assessment subprogram but also to continue working on the measurement of pre-analytical QIs for the continuous improvement of the clinical laboratory total testing process in Argentina.

Coffee intake one hour prior to phlebotomy produces no clinically significant changes in routine biochemical test results.

Introduction: Although current guidelines recommend not drinking coffee prior to phlebotomy, our hypothesis is that drinking coffee does not affect the clinical interpretation of biochemical and haematological test results. Materials and methods: Twenty-seven volunteers were studied in basal state (T0) and 1h after (T1) drinking coffee. Routine haematological (Sysmex-XN1000 analyser) and biochemistry parameters (Vitros 4600 analyser) were studied. Results were compared using the Wilcoxon test (P < 0.05). A clinical change was considered when mean percent difference (MD%) was higher than the reference change value (RCV). Results: Coffee intake produced statistically, but not clinically, significant: i) increases in haemoglobin (P = 0.009), mean cell haemoglobin concentration (P = 0.044), neutrophils (P = 0.001), albumin (P = 0.001), total protein (P = 0.000), cholesterol (P = 0.025), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.007), uric acid (P = 0.011), calcium (P = 0.001), potassium (P = 0.010), aspartate aminotransferase (P = 0.001), amylase (P = 0.026), and lactate dehydrogenase (P = 0.001), and ii) decreases in mean cell volume (P = 0.002), red cell distribution width (P = 0.001), eosinophils (P = 0.002), and lymphocytes (P = 0.001), creatinine (P = 0.001), total bilirubin (P = 0.012), phosphorus (P = 0.001), magnesium (P = 0.007), and chloride (P = 0.001). Conclusion: Drinking a cup of coffee 1 hour prior to phlebotomy produces no clinically significant changes in routine biochemical and haematological test results.

¿Es necesario el ayuno para la determinación del perfil lipídico? / Is fasting necessary for the determination of the lipid profile?

El propósito de este estudio fue analizar los cambios post prandiales en el perfil lipídico en respuesta a una comida típica argentina. Se extrajo sangre a 33 mujeres voluntarias después de 12 h de ayuno (T0), 1 h después de un desayuno estandarizado (T1) y 1 h después de un almuerzo estandarizado (T2). Se midieron los niveles de: colesterol total, colesterol de lipoproteínas de alta densidad (C-HDL), colesterol de lipoproteínas de baja densidad (C-LDL) y triglicéridos. Los datos se analizaron utilizando la prueba t de Student pareada. Para cada analito se calculó la diferencia porcentual media (DM%) en T1 y T2 respecto de T0 y se comparó con el valor de referencia del cambio (VRC). Las DM% mayores al VRC se consideraron clínicamente significativas. En T1 y T2, los valores de C-HDL fueron más bajos que en T0, mientras que los valores de C-LDL en T1 fueron más bajos que en T0. Los niveles de triglicéridos fueron significativamente más altos en T1 que en T0. En todos los casos, la variabilidad fue estadísticamente significativa, aunque no clínicamente. En este estudio puede observarse que el perfil de lípidos en T1 y T2 no mostró diferencias clínicamente significativas con respecto a los valores basales.

The purpose of the present study was to analyze postprandial lipid profile changes in response to a typical Argentine meal. Blood was collected from 33 female volunteers after a 12 h fasting period (T0), 1 h after a standardized breakfast (T1) and 1 h after a standardized lunch (T2). The levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides were measured. Data were analyzed using paired Student's t-test. Mean difference % (MD %) was calculated for each analyte at T1 and T2 and was further compared with reference change value (RCV). MDs % higher than RCV were considered clinically significant. At T1 and T2, HDL-C values were lower than at T0, whereas LDL-C values at T1 were lower than at T0. Triglycerides levels were significantly higher at T1 than baseline values. In all cases, variability was statistically, though not clinically, significant. This study demonstrates that at T1 and T2 lipid profile showed no clinically significant differences with respect to basal values.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar as alterações do perfil lipídico pós-prandial em resposta a uma refeição típica argentina. O sangue foi coletado de 33 mulheres voluntárias após um período de jejum de 12 horas (T0),1 h após um café da manhã padronizado (T1) e 1 h após um almoço padronizado (T2). Foram medidos os níveis de: colesterol total (CT), colesterol HDL (C-HDL), colesterol LDL (C-LDL) e triglicérides. Os dados foram analisados utilizando o teste t de Student pareado. A diferença média% (DM%) foi calculada para cada analito em T1 e T2 e foi comparada com o valor de mudança de referência (VRC). Os MDs% maiores que o VRC foram considerados clinicamente significativos. Em T1 e T2, os valores de C-HDL foram menores que em T0, enquanto os valores de C-LDL em T1 foram menores que em T0. Os níveis de triglicérides foram significativamente maiores em T1 do que os valores basais. Em todos os casos, a variabilidade foi estatisticamente, embora não clinicamente, significativa. Este estudo demonstra que no perfil lipídico em T1 e T2 não houve diferenças clinicamente significativas em relação aos valores basais.

Tomar mate previo a la flebotomía no interfiere en las pruebas bioquímicas de rutina / Drinking mate prior to phlebotomy does not interfere with routine biochemical tests

En este estudio se evaluó el efecto de tomar mate en las pruebas bioquímicas de rutina. Se extrajo sangre a 32 mujeres voluntarias luego de 12 horas de ayuno y a la hora (T1), dos horas (T2) y tres horas (T3) posteriores a la toma de 5 mates. Se estudiaron parámetros hematológicos y analitos de química clínica. Los resultados se analizaron empleando pruebas estadísticas para muestras relacionadas. Se calculó la diferencia porcentual media (DM%) de cada analito en cada hora respecto del valor basal y se comparó con el valor de referencia del cambio (VRC). Una DM% mayor que el VRC se consideró clínicamente significativa. En T1, T2 y T3 los recuentos de neutrófilos, eosinófilos y linfocitos fueron más bajos que en T0, también los niveles de glucosa, urea, creatinina y cistatina C fueron más bajos que en T0, mientras que los valores de proteínas totales, colesterol transportado por lipoproteínas de baja densidad y la actividad enzimática de lactato deshidrogenasa fueron más altos que en T0. En todos los casos los cambios fueron estadísticamente significativos, aunque no lo fueron desde el punto de vista clínico. Tomar 5 mates antes de la flebotomía no interfiere en los resultados de las pruebas bioquímicas de rutina.

In the present study the effect of drinking mate in routine biochemical tests was evaluated. Blood was collected from 32 female volunteers after a 12 h fasting period. In addition, 1 hour (T1), 2 hours (T2), and 3 hours (T3) after drinking 5 mates, blood was collected again. Hematological parameters and clinical chemistry analytes were studied. The results were analyzed using statistical tests for related samples. Mean difference % (MD%) was calculated for each analyte and was further compared with reference change value (RCV). The MDs% higher than RCV were considered clinically significant. At T1, T2, and T3 the count neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes were lower than at T0. Also glucose, urea, creatinine, and cystatin C values were lower than at T0 whereas total proteins, LDL-C, and LD enzymatic activity values were higher than at T0. In all cases, variability was statistically significant but not clinically significant. Drinking 5 mates prior to phlebotomy does not interfere with the results of routine biochemical tests.

Neste trabalho, o efeito de beber chimarrão foi avaliado em testes bioquímicos de rotina. O sangue foi extraído de 32 mulheres voluntárias após 12 horas de jejum, e uma hora (T1), duas horas (T2) e três horas (T3) após a tomada de 5 chimarrões. Parâmetros hematológicos e analitos de química clínica foram estudados. Os resultados foram analisados utilizando testes estatísticos para amostras relacionadas. A diferença percentual média% (DM%) de cada analito em cada hora foi calculada em relação ao valor basal e comparada com o valor de referência da modificação (VRM). Uma DM% maior que o VRM foi considerada clinicamente significativa. Em T1, T2 e T3 as contagens de neutrófilos, eosinófilos e linfócitos foram mais baixas que em T0, Também os níveis de glicose, ureia, creatinina e cistatina C foram mais baixos que em T0, ao passo que os valores de proteínas totais, colesterol transportado por lipoproteínas de baixa densidade e a atividade enzimática de lactato desidrogenase foram mais altos que em T0. Em todos os casos as alterações foram estatisticamente significativas, embora do ponto de vista clínico não o tenham sido. Tomar 5 chimarrões antes da flebotomia não interfere nos resultados dos testes bioquímicos de rotina.

Calidad en la etapa preanalítica: evaluación de dos estrategias para verificar la correcta recogida de orina de 24 horas / Quality in the pre-analytical phase: assessment of two strategies to verify the correct collection of 24-hour urines

Introducción. Evaluar la calidad de la muestra de orina de 24 horas (orina-24h) es un desafío en el laboratorio de análisis clínicos. Para la detección de las muestras mal recogidas se han propuesto diferentes estrategias basadas en la excreción urinaria de creatinina. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el desempeño de 2 de ellas: una basada en el intervalo de referencia de la excreción urinaria de creatinina (estrategia-IR) y otra propuesta por el Swiss Survey on Salt Group (estrategia-S). Materiales y métodos. El estudio se realizó en el año 2016 en una población de Argentina. Participaron 69 sujetos adultos. Se obtuvieron muestras de orina-24h mal recogidas (N=69) y bien recogidas (N=69) que a su vez se clasificaron como mal y bien recogidas según las 2 estrategias evaluadas. Se calculó el coeficiente kappa, la proporción de muestras clasificadas incorrectamente y el cociente de probabilidad (CP) positivo y negativo. Se consideró la diferencia como estadísticamente significativa para un valor de p<0,05. El estudio fue aprobado por un Comité de Bioética local y se obtuvo el consentimiento informado de cada participante. Resultados. Estrategia-IR vs. estrategia-S: coeficiente kappa: 0,26 (IC-95%: 0,10-0,42; p=0,020) vs. 0,51 (IC-95%: 0,37-0,64; p=0,000); muestras clasificadas incorrectamente: 37 vs. 25% (p=0,000); CP positivo: 1,7 (IC-95%: 1,2-2,4) vs. 9,8 (IC-95%: 3,7-25,8); CP negativo: 0,6 ((IC-95%: 0,4-0,8) vs. 0,5 ((IC-95%: 0,4-0,6). Conclusión. La estrategia-S presentó mejor desempeño que la estrategia-IR para detectar las muestras de orina-24h mal recogidas

Introduction. Assessment of the quality of the 24-hour urine sample (urine-24h) is a challenge in the clinical laboratory. Different strategies based on urinary creatinine excretion have been proposed for the detection of poorly collected samples. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of two of these strategies: one based on the reference interval of urinary creatinine excretion (IR-Strategy), and the other one proposed by the Swiss Survey on Salt Group (S-Strategy). Materials and methods. The study was carried out in the year 2016 with a population from Argentina. A total of 69 adult subjects were included in the study. Complete urine samples (N=69) and incomplete samples (N=69) were obtained. These were classified as poor, and well collected, according to the two strategies evaluated. Kappa coefficient, proportion of incorrectly classified samples, and positive and negative likelihood ratios (LR) were calculated. The difference was considered statistically significant for a P<.05. The study was approved by a local Bioethics Committee, and the informed consent was obtained from each participant. Results. Strategy-IR vs. Strategy-S: Kappa coefficient: 0.26 (95% CI; 0.10-0.42; P=.020) vs. 0.51 (95% CI; 0.37-0.64; P=.000); incorrectly classified samples: 37% vs. 25% (P=.000); positive LR: 1.7 (95% CI; 1.2-2.4) vs. 9.8 (95% CI; 3.7-25.8); negative LR: 0.6 (95% CI; 0.4-0.8) vs. 0.5 (95% CI; 0.4-0.6). Conclusion. The S-Strategy showed a better performance than the IR-Strategy in the detection of poorly collected urine samples

Fasting conditions: Influence of water intake on clinical chemistry analytes.

INTRODUCTION: Currently available recommendations regarding fasting requirements before phlebotomy do not specify any maximum water intake volume permitted during the fasting period. The aim was to study the effects of 300 mL water intake 1 h before phlebotomy on specific analytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood was collected from 20 women (median age (min-max): 24 (22 - 50) years) in basal state (T0) and 1 h after 300 mL water intake (T1). Glucose, total proteins (TP), urea, creatinine, cystatin C, total bilirubin (BT), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides (Tg), uric acid (UA), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate-aminotransferase (AST), alanine-aminotransferase and lactate-dehydrogenase (LD) were studied. Results were analyzed using Wilcoxon test. Mean difference (%) was calculated for each analyte and was further compared with reference change value (RCV). Only mean differences (%) higher than RCV were considered clinically significant. RESULTS: Significant differences (median T0vs median T1, P) were observed for TP (73 vs 74 g/L, 0.001); urea (4.08 vs 4.16 mmol/L, 0.010); BT (12 vs 13 µmol/L, 0.021); total cholesterol (4.9 vs 4.9 mmol/L, 0.042); Tg (1.05 vs 1.06 mmol/L, 0.002); UA (260 vs 270 µmol/L, 0.006); GGT (12 vs 12 U/L, 0.046); AST (22 vs 24 U/L, 0.001); and LD (364 vs 386 U/L, 0.001). Although the differences observed were statistically significant, they were not indicative of clinically significant changes. CONCLUSIONS: A water intake of 300 mL 1 h prior to phlebotomy does not interfere with the analytes studied in the present work.

Necesidad de armonizar la etapa preanalítica de la orina de 24 horas: evidencias de una encuesta / Need to harmonize the pre-analytical phase of 24-hour urine: evidence from a survey / Necessidade de harmonizar a fase pré-analítica da urina de 24 horas: evidência de uma pesquisa

El objetivo del trabajo consistió en evaluar el estado de armonización de la etapa preanalítica de la orina de 24 horas (orina-24h). Se realizó una encuesta anónima sobre la etapa preanalítica de la orina-24h a bioquímicos de Argentina. Respondieron 92 profesionales. Del análisis de las respuestas surge que el 95% de los bioquímicos facilita a los pacientes instrucciones escritas para la recolección; 11% incluye instrucciones con información visual gráfica además de escrita; 37% registra hora de inicio y finalización de la recolección; 59% recomienda que durante la misma la muestra se mantenga refrigerada; 73% suministra al paciente el recipiente para la recolección; 47% proporciona el envase con conservante, si corresponde; 100% solicita al paciente llevar al laboratorio la totalidad de la orina juntada; 4% solicita al paciente medir y anotar la diuresis y entregar al laboratorio una alícuota de la orina-24h; 78% realiza una o más acciones para evaluar la correcta recolección. Los criterios de rechazo seleccionados en orden decreciente fueron: pérdida de micciones, incumplimiento del tiempo de recolección, según la diuresis, según la eliminación diaria de creatinina y recipiente no apto. Esta encuesta evidenció que existen aspectos de la etapa preanalítica de la orina- 24h que requieren de mejora y armonización entre los laboratorios.

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the harmonization state of the pre-analytical phase of 24-hour urine. To this aim, an anonymous survey on the pre-analytical phase of 24-hour urine (Moreno-Carbonell, et. al) was carried out by biochemists from Argentina. A total of 92 professionals responded to the the survey. As a result, 95% provide patients with written instructions for collection; 11% include visual graphic instructions; 37% record starting and finishing time of collection; 59% recommend sample refrigeration during collection time; 73% supply the container; 47% provide the container with a preservative, if necessary; 100% ask the patient to take the complete 24-hour volume to the laboratory; 4% indicate to measure and record sample volume and to take an aliquot of it; and 78% perform one or more actions to evaluate the proper collection procedure. The rejection criteria selected in decreasing order were: loss of micturition, non-compliance with collection time, according to the volume and daily creatinine excretion, and improper container. To conclude with, this survey showed that there are aspects of the pre-analytical phase of 24-h urine that need improvement and harmonization between laboratories.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o estado de harmonização da fase pré-analítica da urina de 24 horas (urina-24h). Foi realizado um levantamento anônimo sobre a fase pré-analítica da urina-24h a bioquímicos da Argentina. Responderam 92 profissionais. Da análise das respostas surge que 95% fornecem aos pacientes instruções escritas para a coleta; 11% inclui instruções com informação visual gráfica além de escrita; 37% registra hora de início e finalização da coleta; 59% recomenda que durante a coleta a urina seja mantida refrigerada; 73% fornece o recipiente para a coleta; 47% fornece o recipiente com um conservante, se necessário; 100% solicita ao paciente que leve o volume completo de 24 horas ao laboratório; 4% indica ao paciente medir e registrar a diurese e entregar ao laboratório uma alíquota da urina-24h; 78% realiza uma ou mais ações para avaliar o procedimento apropriado de coleta. Os critérios de rejeição selecionados em ordem decrescente foram: perda das micções, descumprimento do tempo de coleta, de acordo com a diurese, conforme a eliminação diária de creatinina, e recipiente inadequado. Esta pesquisa mostrou que há aspectos da fase pré-analítica da urina de 24h que precisam ser melhorados e harmonizados entre os laboratórios.

Utilidad clínica del valor de referencia del cambio en la medición de creatinina plasmática / Clinical utility of the reference change value in the measurement of plasma creatinine

Introducción. La enfermedad renal crónica constituye un desafío global que exige el fortalecimiento de estrategias para su detección precoz. Asesorar adecuadamente al médico sobre la interpretación de resultados de creatinina plasmática (Cr) respecto de su intervalo de referencia (IR) y variabilidad biológica contribuye a mejorar su interpretación clínica. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la utilidad del valor de referencia del cambio (VRC) para interpretar resultados consecutivos de Cr. Materiales y métodos. Se incluyeron 205 individuos adultos que concurrieron al laboratorio con solicitud de Cr y que, dentro del año previo, tenían otra medición de este analito. Se calculó el VRC para Cr considerando: Z=2,33, CVI=5,95% y CVA=1,9% (método enzimático). Para cada individuo se determinó la diferencia porcentual entre los dos valores de Cr y se confrontó con el VRC; se analizaron datos clínicos de cada paciente. Resultados. El 10% (20/205) de la población total mostró un aumento de Cr, respecto del valor previo superior al VRC, aunque dentro del IR. De ellos, el 50% presentaba factores de riesgo de enfermedad renal crónica (hipertensión, diabetes, enfermedad cardiaca, tratamiento con antiinflamatorios no esteroides). Conclusión. Una proporción significativa de los individuos estudiados presentó un aumento de Cr superior al VRC, aunque dentro del IR, y muchos de ellos tenían factores de riesgo de enfermedad renal crónica. Esto indica que el VRC es un parámetro útil para la interpretación correcta de resultados dado que permite identificar aumentos de Cr, aún dentro del IR, que podrían tener significación clínica (AU)

Introduction. The chronic renal disease constitutes a global challenge which demands the strengthening of strategies for its early detection. An adequate advising to physicians about the result interpretation of plasma creatinine (Cr) with respect to the reference interval (RI) and its biological variation contributes to improve clinical interpretation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the utility of the reference change value (RCV) to interpret Cr values. Materials and methods. Total of 205 adult outpatients who attended the laboratory with a medical request for Cr and who had another measurement of this analyte within the previous year were included. The RCV for Cr was calculated considering Z=2.33, CVI=5.95% y CVA=1.9% (enzymatic method). The percentage difference between the last two Cr values was determined for each individual; if this value reflected an increase>VRC, clinical data were evaluated as well. Results. Out of total population, 10% (20/205) showed a Cr increase taking in account the previous value, greater than the RCV but within the RI. Out of them, 50% presented risk factors for renal disease (hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs treatment). Conclusion. A significant proportion of the involved adults showed a Cr increase superior to the RCV but within the RI. Many of them presented risk factors for renal disease. This indicates that the RCV is a parameter of great utility for the correct interpretation of results, since it allows identifying increases of Cr which may have clinical significance, even within the RI (AU)

Calidad en la etapa preanalítica: importancia del ayuno / Quality in the preanalytical phase: the significance of fasting / Qualidade na fase pré-analítica: a importância do jejum

Uno de los desafíos más importantes del laboratorio de análisis clínicos es la obtención de muestras de calidad analítica, las cuales deben ser trazables al paciente. La mayor proporción de errores de laboratorio se produce en la etapa preanalítica y el estado de ayuno es una de las condiciones críticas de la misma. Los cambios metabólicos propios del estado posprandial pueden afectar la concentración de algunos analitos o interferir en los métodos de laboratorio y afectar los resultados de las pruebas, lo que puede dar por resultado informes espurios con impacto directo en la seguridad del paciente. Recientemente, el Working Group on Preanalytical Phase (WG-PA) de la European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) emitió recomendaciones respecto de los requisitos de ayuno para las pruebas de laboratorio. Este grupo de expertos sugiere obtener las muestras de sangre entre las 7 y 9 a.m., tras 12 horas de ayuno, con ingesta de agua permitida, no tomar alcohol 24 horas antes de la extracción y no fumar ni tomar bebidas que contengan cafeína durante la mañana en la que se realiza la extracción. Asimismo, proponen incorporar estas pautas en las sociedades profesionales locales con el fin de lograr la armonización global de esta variable preanalítica.

One of the most important challenges for clinical laboratory is obtaining a sample with the required analytical quality, which must be traceable to the patient. The largest proportion of laboratory errors occur in the preanalytical phase, where the fasting state is a critical condition. Metabolic changes due to postprandial state can affect some analyte concentrations or interfere in laboratory methods, which can produce spurious tests results with direct impact on patient safety. Recently, the Working Group on Preanalytical Phase (WG-PA) of the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) issued recommendations regarding fasting requirements for laboratory tests. The expert group suggests that blood samples should be obtained between 7 and 9 a.m., after 12 hours of fasting, water intake being allowed; no alcohol 24 hours before extraction and no smoking or drinking caffeinated beverages during the morning before the extraction is performed. The WG-PA-EFLM also proposes to incorporate these recommendations into local professional societies in order to achieve global harmonization of this preanalytical variable.

Um dos desafios mais importantes do laboratório clínico é a obtenção de amostras de qualidade analítica, que devem ser rastreáveis para o paciente. A maior parte dos erros de laboratório ocorre na fase pré-analítica e o estado de jejum é uma das condições críticas da mesma. As alterações metabólicas próprias do estado pós-prandial podem afetar a concentração de alguns analitos ou interferir nos métodos laboratoriais, afetando os resultados dos testes, o que pode resultar em relatórios falsos com impacto direto na segurança do paciente. Recentemente, o Working Group on Preanalytical Phase (WG-PA) da European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) emitiu recomendações a respeito dos requisitos de jejum para exames laboratoriais. Esse grupo de peritos sugere: obter as amostras de sangue entre 7 e 9 a.m., após 12 horas de jejum, sendo permitida a ingestão de água; não beber bebidas alcoólicas 24 horas antes da extração; não fumar ou beber bebidas com cafeína na manhã em que é realizada a extração. Do mesmo modo, propõem incorporar estas diretrizes nas sociedades profissionais locais, a fim de alcançar a harmonização global desta variável pré-analíticas.

Índice triglicéridos y glucosa: un indicador útil de insulinorresistencia / Triglycerides and glucose index: a useful indicator of insulin resistance

INTRODUCCIÓN: La evaluación de la insulinorresistencia requiere de metodología sofisticada de difícil aplicación. Por lo cual se han sugerido distintos estimadores de esta condición. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el índice triglicéridos y glucosa (TyG) como marcador de insulinorresistencia y compararlo con la relación triglicéridos y colesterol-HDL (TG/C-HDL), en individuos con y sin síndrome metabólico (SM). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal, en 525 individuos adultos de una población de Bahía Blanca, Argentina, quienes fueron divididos en dos grupos: con SM (n = 89) y sin SM (n = 436). Se evaluaron las capacidades discriminativas para SM del índice TyG, calculado como Ln(TG[mg/dL] X glucosa[mg/dL]/2), y de la relación TG/C-HDL. Probabilidad pretest para SM = 30%. RESULTADOS: El valor medio del índice TyG fue mayor en el grupo con SM comparado con el grupo sin SM y fue buena su correlación con TG/C-HDL. Los puntos de corte para SM en la población total fueron: 8,8 para el índice TyG (sensibilidad = 79%, especificidad = 86%), y 2,4 para la relación TG/C-HDL (sensibilidad = 88%, especificidad = 72%). Las razones de probabilidad y probabilidades postest positivas para dichos parámetros fueron 5,8 vs. 3,1 y 72% vs. 58%, respectivamente. El punto de corte para el índice TyG en hombres fue 8,8 y en mujeres 8,7; los valores respectivos para TG/C-HDL fueron 3,1 en hombres y 2,2 en mujeres. CONCLUSIONES: El índice TyG fue un buen discriminante de SM. La simplicidad de su cálculo justifica profundizar su estudio como marcador alternativo de insulinorresistencia

INTRODUCTION: Insulin resistance assessment requires sophisticated methodology of difficult application. Therefore, different estimators for this condition have been suggested. The aim of this study was to evaluate the triglycerides and glucose (TyG) index as a marker of insulin resistance and to compare it to the triglycerides/HDL cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C), in subjects with and without metabolic syndrome (MS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted on 525 adults of a population from Bahia Blanca, Argentina, who were divided into two groups: with MS (n = 89) and without MS (n = 436). The discriminating capacities for MS of the TyG index, calculated as Ln (TG [mg/dL] X glucose [mg/dL]/2), and the TG/HDL-C ratio were evaluated. Pre-test probability for MS was 30%. RESULTS: The mean value of the TyG index was higher in the group with MS as compared to the group without MS and its correlation with the TG/HDL-C ratio was good. The cut-off values for MS in the overall population were 8.8 for the TyG index (sensitivity = 79%, specificity = 86%), and 2.4 for the TG/HDL-C ratio (sensitivity = 88%, specificity = 72%). The positive likelihood ratios and post-test probabilities for these parameters were 5.8 vs 3.1 and 72% vs 58% respectively. The cut-off point for the TyG index was 8.8 in men and 8.7 in women; the respective values for TG/C-HDL were 3.1 in men and 2.2 in women. CONCLUSIONS: The TyG index was a good discriminant of MS. Its simple calculation warrants its further study as an alternative marker of insulin resistance

Triglycerides and glucose index: a useful indicator of insulin resistance.

INTRODUCTION: Insulin resistance assessment requires sophisticated methodology of difficult application. Therefore, different estimators for this condition have been suggested. The aim of this study was to evaluate the triglycerides and glucose (TyG) index as a marker of insulin resistance and to compare it to the triglycerides/HDL cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C), in subjects with and without metabolic syndrome (MS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted on 525 adults of a population from Bahia Blanca, Argentina, who were divided into two groups: with MS (n=89) and without MS (n=436). The discriminating capacities for MS of the TyG index, calculated as Ln (TG [mg/dL] x glucose [mg/dL]/2), and the TG/HDL-C ratio were evaluated. Pre-test probability for MS was 30%. RESULTS: The mean value of the TyG index was higher in the group with MS as compared to the group without MS and its correlation with the TG/HDL-C ratio was good. The cut-off values for MS in the overall population were 8.8 for the TyG index (sensitivity=79%, specificity=86%), and 2.4 for the TG/HDL-C ratio (sensitivity=88%, specificity=72%). The positive likelihood ratios and post-test probabilities for these parameters were 5.8 vs 3.1 and 72% vs 58% respectively. The cut-off point for the TyG index was 8.8 in men and 8.7 in women; the respective values for TG/C-HDL were 3.1 in men and 2.2 in women. CONCLUSIONS: The TyG index was a good discriminant of MS. Its simple calculation warrants its further study as an alternative marker of insulin resistance.

Evaluación del desempeño analítico de tres métodos de cuantificación de hemoglobina A1c / Analytical performance evaluation of three methods for hemoglobin A1c quantification / Avaliação do desempenho analítico do três métodos de quantificação de hemoglobina A1c

El laboratorio debe garantizar la exactitud de los resultados de HbA1c cumpliendo con los requisitos analíticos internacionales de calidad, cada vez más estrictos y asegurar que una variación de HbA1c de 0,5 puntos porcentuales (%-NGSP) o más entre dos controles consecutivos de un paciente diabético se deba a una variación clínica y no a una variación analítica. En este trabajo se evaluó el desempeño analítico de tres métodos comerciales para HbA1c: inmunoturbidimétrico, enzimático y cromatográfico de intercambio catiónico. Para tal fin, se procesaron por cada método distintos controles comerciales de HbA1c, con trazabilidad al método de referencia IFCC, determinándose en cada caso Coeficiente de Variación Total, Bias, Error Total, Valor de Referencia del Cambio y cambio clínico significativo de HbA1c en el punto crítico 7,0%-NGSP. En las condiciones analíticas de este trabajo, solamente el método inmunoturbidimétrico tuvo un desempeño analítico aceptable, permitiendo atribuir un cambio de 0,5%-NGSP a una variación clínica significativa del paciente. Frente a las recomendaciones internacionales sobre el uso de HbA1c en el control y diagnóstico de diabetes, es indiscutible la importancia de elegir un método que satisfaga los requerimientos analíticos mínimos de calidad para asegurar la utilidad clínica del resultado de HbA1c.

The laboratory must guarantee the accuracy of HbA1c results meeting the increasingly strict international analytical quality standards and assuring that an HbA1c variation of 0.5 percentage points (%-NGSP) or more between two consecutive controls of a diabetic patient is due to a clinical variation and not to an analytical variation. In this paper, the analytical performance of three commercial methods for HbA1c: Immunoturbidimetric, Chromatographic and Enzymatic Cation Exchange, were evaluated. For this purpose, commercial controls with assigned values traceable to the IFCC reference method for HbA1c were processed. For each methodology, total Coefficient of Variation (CV%), Bias%, Total Error (TE%), Change Reference Value and Clinically Significant Change (CSC) at the critical point of HbA1c 7.0%-NGSP were determined. Within the analytical conditions of this study, only the immunoturbidimetric method had an acceptable analytical performance, allowing attribute a change in 0.5%-NGSP to a significant clinical variation. Faced with international recommendations on the use of HbA1c on control and diagnosis of diabetes, the importance of choosing a method that meets the minimum analytical quality requirements to ensure the clinical utility of HbA1c result is undeniable.

O laboratório deve garantir a precisão dos resultados da HbA1c cumprindo com os requisitos analíticos internacionais de qualidade cada vez mais exigentes e garantir que uma variação de HbA1c de 0,5 pontos percentuais (% - NGSP) ou mais entre duas verificações consecutivas de um doente diabético seja devido a uma variação clínica e não a uma variação analítica. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o desempenho analítico de três métodos comerciais para HbA1c: imunoturbidimétrico, enzimático e cromatográfico de intercâmbio catiônico. Para esse fim, foram processados diversos controles comerciais de HbA1c por cada método, com rastreabilidade ao método de referência IFCC, determinando em cada caso Quociente de Variação Total, Bias, Erro Total, Valor de Referência da Alteração e Alteração Clinicamente Significativa de HbA1c no ponto crítico 7,0%-NGSP. Nas condições de análise deste estudo, apenas o método imunoturbidimétrico teve um desempenho analítico aceitável, permitindo atribuir uma alteração de 0,5%-NGSP a uma variação clínica significativa do paciente. Perante as recomendações internacionais sobre o uso da HbA1c no controle e diagnóstico da diabetes, é inegável a importância de escolher um método que atenda os requisitos analíticos mínimos de qualidade de análise para garantir a utilidade clínica do resultado HbA1c.

Evaluación del desempeño analítico de tres métodos de cuantificación de hemoglobina A1c / Analytical performance evaluation of three methods for hemoglobin A1c quantification / AvaliaþÒo do desempenho analítico do trÛs métodos de quantificaþÒo de hemoglobina A1c

El laboratorio debe garantizar la exactitud de los resultados de HbA1c cumpliendo con los requisitos analíticos internacionales de calidad, cada vez más estrictos y asegurar que una variación de HbA1c de 0,5 puntos porcentuales (%-NGSP) o más entre dos controles consecutivos de un paciente diabético se deba a una variación clínica y no a una variación analítica. En este trabajo se evaluó el desempeño analítico de tres métodos comerciales para HbA1c: inmunoturbidimétrico, enzimático y cromatográfico de intercambio catiónico. Para tal fin, se procesaron por cada método distintos controles comerciales de HbA1c, con trazabilidad al método de referencia IFCC, determinándose en cada caso Coeficiente de Variación Total, Bias, Error Total, Valor de Referencia del Cambio y cambio clínico significativo de HbA1c en el punto crítico 7,0%-NGSP. En las condiciones analíticas de este trabajo, solamente el método inmunoturbidimétrico tuvo un desempeño analítico aceptable, permitiendo atribuir un cambio de 0,5%-NGSP a una variación clínica significativa del paciente. Frente a las recomendaciones internacionales sobre el uso de HbA1c en el control y diagnóstico de diabetes, es indiscutible la importancia de elegir un método que satisfaga los requerimientos analíticos mínimos de calidad para asegurar la utilidad clínica del resultado de HbA1c.(AU)

The laboratory must guarantee the accuracy of HbA1c results meeting the increasingly strict international analytical quality standards and assuring that an HbA1c variation of 0.5 percentage points (%-NGSP) or more between two consecutive controls of a diabetic patient is due to a clinical variation and not to an analytical variation. In this paper, the analytical performance of three commercial methods for HbA1c: Immunoturbidimetric, Chromatographic and Enzymatic Cation Exchange, were evaluated. For this purpose, commercial controls with assigned values traceable to the IFCC reference method for HbA1c were processed. For each methodology, total Coefficient of Variation (CV%), Bias%, Total Error (TE%), Change Reference Value and Clinically Significant Change (CSC) at the critical point of HbA1c 7.0%-NGSP were determined. Within the analytical conditions of this study, only the immunoturbidimetric method had an acceptable analytical performance, allowing attribute a change in 0.5%-NGSP to a significant clinical variation. Faced with international recommendations on the use of HbA1c on control and diagnosis of diabetes, the importance of choosing a method that meets the minimum analytical quality requirements to ensure the clinical utility of HbA1c result is undeniable.(AU)

O laboratório deve garantir a precisÒo dos resultados da HbA1c cumprindo com os requisitos analíticos internacionais de qualidade cada vez mais exigentes e garantir que uma variaþÒo de HbA1c de 0,5 pontos percentuais (% - NGSP) ou mais entre duas verificaþ§es consecutivas de um doente diabético seja devido a uma variaþÒo clínica e nÒo a uma variaþÒo analítica. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o desempenho analítico de trÛs métodos comerciais para HbA1c: imunoturbidimétrico, enzimático e cromatográfico de intercÔmbio cati¶nico. Para esse fim, foram processados diversos controles comerciais de HbA1c por cada método, com rastreabilidade ao método de referÛncia IFCC, determinando em cada caso Quociente de VariaþÒo Total, Bias, Erro Total, Valor de ReferÛncia da AlteraþÒo e AlteraþÒo Clinicamente Significativa de HbA1c no ponto crítico 7,0%-NGSP. Nas condiþ§es de análise deste estudo, apenas o método imunoturbidimétrico teve um desempenho analítico aceitável, permitindo atribuir uma alteraþÒo de 0,5%-NGSP a uma variaþÒo clínica significativa do paciente. Perante as recomendaþ§es internacionais sobre o uso da HbA1c no controle e diagnóstico da diabetes, é inegável a importÔncia de escolher um método que atenda os requisitos analíticos mínimos de qualidade de análise para garantir a utilidade clínica do resultado HbA1c.(AU)